The 350km/h line reduces the journey time between the two cities by at least one hour to 38 minutes, and brings Hefei within four hours of Beijing.
Construction began in January 2009 on the Yuan 13.6bn ($US 2.17bn) project, which includes eight new stations.
The line is an important addition to the region's high-speed network, linking the Wuhan – Nanjing and Beijing – Shanghai high-speed lines.
The opening follows the start of commercial operations on the 536km Zhengzhou – Wuhan high-speed line on September 28.
