Trenitalia awarded Hitachi Rail a framework contract in August 2016 to supply up to 300 trains based on the manufacturer’s Caravaggio platform with maximum value of €2.6bn.

The initial order for 25 five-car (ETR 521) and 14 four-car (ETR 421) trains was worth €333m and comprised 39 sets for the region of Emilia Romagna, 47 for Veneto, 28 for Liguria and four for Tuscany.

A further 65 Rock sets will be delivered to Trenitalia for the Lazio region around Rome.

In September 2018, North Milan Railways (FNM) signed a framework contract with Hitachi Rail for up to 120 Caravaggio EMUs with a minimum order for 30 four-car and 20 five-car trains.